可以通过在“onError”选项中设置回调函数来执行副作用，然后在每个重试尝试失败时触发该回调函数。

以下是示例代码：

const client = new ApolloClient({
  ...
  retryOptions: {
    // 设置最大重试次数为3
    attempts: {
      max: 3,
      retryIf: (error, _operation) => !!error,
    },
  },
  // onError回调函数将在每个重试尝试失败时触发
  onError: ({ error, networkError, operation, forward }) => {
    console.log("Error detected. Retrying...");
    if (networkError && networkError.statusCode === 401) {
      console.log("Not authorized. Redirecting to login...");
      // 执行副作用：重定向到登录页面
      window.location.href = "/login";
      return;
    }
    // 如果前三次重试尝试失败，将不再尝试
    if (operation.attempts === 3) {
      console.log("Retry attempts failed. Performing backup action...");
      // 执行副作用：执行备用操作
      performBackupAction();
      return;
    }
    // 如果错误不是网络错误或401错误，继续重试
    console.log(`Retrying attempt ${operation.attempts + 1}...`);
    return forward(operation);
  },
});