ASP.NET 提供了 Claims 身份验证，利用 Claims，可以将用户的身份信息和授权信息存储在一个安全的令牌中，并将该令牌传输给客户端，从而实现身份验证和授权的功能。

以下是一个简单的示例，演示了如何在 ASP.NET Core 中使用 Claims 身份验证：

在 Startup.cs 文件中添加以下代码：

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    // 添加认证服务
    services.AddAuthentication(options =>
    {
        options.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
        options.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
    })
    .AddJwtBearer(options =>
    {
        options.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;
        options.SaveToken = true;
        options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
        {
            ValidateIssuer = true,
            ValidateAudience = true,
            ValidateLifetime = true,
            ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
            ValidIssuer = Configuration["Jwt:Issuer"],
            ValidAudience = Configuration["Jwt:Issuer"],
            IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Configuration["Jwt:Key"]))
        };
    });

    // 省略其他配置代码
}

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
{
    // 添加身份验证中间件
    app.UseAuthentication();

    // 省略其他配置代码
}

在控制器中添加以下代码：

[Authorize]
[ApiController]
[Route("[controller]")]
public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
{
    private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
    {
        "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
    };

    private readonly ILogger _logger;

    public WeatherForecastController(ILogger logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

    [HttpGet]
    public IEnumerable Get()
    {
        // 从 Claims 中获取用户信息
        var identity = HttpContext.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
        var userId = identity.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "UserId")?.Value;

        var rng = new Random();
        return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
        {
            Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
            TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
            Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)],
            UserId = userId // 添加用户信息到响应中
        })
        .ToArray();
    }
}

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