问题的原因是 Android 11 强制进行了一些安全和隐私限制，因此需要在应用程序中包含适当的权限声明和透明度。

以下是示例代码可以解决不允许通过 ADB 启动 IMAGE_CAPTURE intent 活动的问题：

1. 在 AndroidManifest.xml 文件中添加以下权限声明：

2. 在启动相机之前，检查权限是否被授予：

if (ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
        || ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,
                    new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE},
                    0);
        } else {
            // Permission has already been granted
            Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
            startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
        }

3. 在 onRequestPermissionsResult() 方法中检查权限是否被授予：

@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) {
    if (requestCode == 0) {
        if (grantResults.length == 2 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
                && grantResults[1] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            // Permission has been granted
            Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
            startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
        } else {
            // Permission has been denied
            Toast.makeText(this, "Camera permission must be granted", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    }
}

通过这些步骤，您应该能够通过 ADB 正确启动 IMAGE_CAPTURE intent 活动。