可以在Android设备的后台运行一个服务来收集加速度计数据，即使屏幕关闭也不影响。下面是代码示例：

1. 创建加速度计服务

public class AccelerometerService extends Service implements SensorEventListener {

private SensorManager sensorManager;
private Sensor accelerometer;
private PowerManager.WakeLock wakeLock; // 保持设备唤醒以在屏幕关闭时收集数据

@Override
public void onCreate() {
    super.onCreate();

    sensorManager = (SensorManager) getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE);
    accelerometer = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);

    PowerManager powerManager = (PowerManager) getSystemService(POWER_SERVICE);
    wakeLock = powerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK,
            "AccelerometerServiceWakeLock");
    wakeLock.acquire(); // 获取唤醒锁
}

@Override
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
    if (event.sensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER) {
        // 处理加速度计数据
    }
}

@Override
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {}

@Override
public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
    sensorManager.registerListener(this, accelerometer, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
    return START_STICKY;
}

@Override
public void onDestroy() {
    super.onDestroy();
    sensorManager.unregisterListener(this);
    wakeLock.release(); // 释放唤醒锁
}

@Nullable
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
    return null;
}

}

2. 在AndroidManifest.xml文件中声明服务

...

3. 启动服务

Intent intent = new Intent(this, AccelerometerService.class); startService(intent);

注意：由于长时间运行服务可能会耗费设备的电量，建议在收集完数据后尽快停止服务。在服务的代码中还可以添加自定义逻辑来实现数据存储、处理等功能。